What Is AI?

Artificial Intelligence (AI), have you ever thought about, what is all the AI buzz word fuss about? Should I be worried, is AI like in the movies (might grow powerful and out of our control) or something different? 

For me, the thoughts of AI contain a reference to older movies (HAL in 2010 Space Odyssey). I find myself asking what does "artificial" mean and what does "intelligence" mean. 

Let me introduce myself, I am an fairly average person working in the software industry.  One of my favorite blogs to read is Mr. Money Mustache.   Though I am not retired quite yet (that is the whole goal of the MMM link), I wanted to start my journey working on topics that I have interest in (the main purpose of retiring early). I like to investigate what is the underlying source behind "objects/things" in our world. I like to figure out how/when/where/why we (what/who) exist from a perspective of science.  My pursuits brought me to study physics.  In physics neural networks have been used to "learn" about data.  

The neural networks in physics, about 14 years ago-2010, required a specific focus on a particular data set in order to be of any value.  If the focus was not precise the "learning" was inaccurate (had no value). At the time, the AI terminology was never used.  

There is definitely a hype on the term AI in today's advertising.  All products what to advertise that AI is part of their product.  This means there is social awareness of artificial intelligence.  Does this actually relate to intelligence or just a new tool for humans to enjoy, such as a phone.  A phone is a great tool, but in order for the phone to be thought intelligent it requires the ability to take a small amount of human thought and create a larger amount of human understood response, an output that relates to a human input.  If one searches on what is AI in a google search engine, as I did just a minute ago, where is Google's AI response:

Notice the definition of intelligence is defined not as awareness of self but rather the ability to perform human tasks. Limiting the definition of intelligence opens AI to work with humans rather than to replace humans.  As machine ability has been tested, one great test was if a machine could win a chess game with humans that are the best at playing chess, grand masters.  Carnegie Mellon University first developed a chess program and then IBM created Deep Blue for this purpose.  In May of 1997 it won the six-game rematch 3½–2½ with Garry Kimovich Kasparov a Russian chess grandmaster.  In this specific situation, a machine was able to best a human champion at his own game.

Did we actually answer: What is AI? What is intelligence?  What is artificial? 

Which leads to what is human intelligence?  Is it a organic/non-artificial human with knowledge and use of recorded information, i.e. experience?  Or, is it awareness of self within a body of knowledge?